Field-specific citations
Attach the exact privacy, terms, audit and security URLs to each material claim.
Home › Research › Evidence ledger
Evidence before rankings.
This public ledger shows what is linked, what is dated and what still needs a field-specific source. Inclusion is not certification, a safety verdict or a laboratory result.
30
visible catalog records
7
dated pricing checks
5
dedicated audit source links
How to read this register
A source-linked row means a relevant provider record is linked; it does not mean the claim is universally true. “Provider-reported” means the profile preserves the provider’s wording without presenting it as independent verification. “Needs source” is an intentional gap, not a hidden assumption.
Current working dataset
30 provider records, with gaps kept visible
| Provider | Primary pricing source | Audit evidence | Structured profile fields | Record type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CyberGhost /reviews/cyberghost | Source checkedProvider pricing page Checked 2026-08-22 Displayed pricing is tied to this provider page and its recorded check date; renewal terms can still change. | Needs source No audit record is currently stated in this profile. | Jurisdiction: Romania Network: 11,500+ servers · 100 countries Devices: 7 devices 3 structured profile fields displayed; field-specific source URLs are still required for an independent evidence record. | Detailed profile |
| ExpressVPN /reviews/expressvpn | Source checkedProvider pricing page Checked 2026-08-22 Displayed pricing is tied to this provider page and its recorded check date; renewal terms can still change. | Source linkedExpressVPN Trust Center KPMG + Cure53 audits. Scope and date still need to be checked on the linked record for each edition. | Jurisdiction: British Virgin Islands Network: 3,000+ servers · 105 countries Devices: 8 devices 3 structured profile fields displayed; field-specific source URLs are still required for an independent evidence record. | Detailed profile |
| hide.me /reviews/hideme | Needs dated checkProvider pricing page A pricing URL is recorded, but the profile has no dated check yet. | Provider-reported Provider claims; limited independent audits. A dedicated, field-specific source link is not attached yet. | Jurisdiction: Malaysia Network: 2,100+ servers · 80+ countries Devices: 10 devices 3 structured profile fields displayed; field-specific source URLs are still required for an independent evidence record. | Detailed profile |
| Hotspot Shield /reviews/hotspot-shield | Needs dated checkProvider pricing page A pricing URL is recorded, but the profile has no dated check yet. | Provider-reported Provider claims; limited audit history. A dedicated, field-specific source link is not attached yet. | Jurisdiction: United States Network: 3,200+ servers · 80+ countries Devices: 5 devices 3 structured profile fields displayed; field-specific source URLs are still required for an independent evidence record. | Detailed profile |
| IPVanish /reviews/ipvanish | Needs dated checkProvider pricing page A pricing URL is recorded, but the profile has no dated check yet. | Provider-reported Schellman independent audit (2022). A dedicated, field-specific source link is not attached yet. | Jurisdiction: United States Network: 2,400+ servers · 75+ countries Devices: Unlimited 3 structured profile fields displayed; field-specific source URLs are still required for an independent evidence record. | Detailed profile |
| IVPN /reviews/ivpn | Needs dated checkProvider pricing page A pricing URL is recorded, but the profile has no dated check yet. | Provider-reported Cure53 audits (per provider). A dedicated, field-specific source link is not attached yet. | Jurisdiction: Gibraltar Network: 100+ servers · 45+ countries Devices: 7 devices 3 structured profile fields displayed; field-specific source URLs are still required for an independent evidence record. | Detailed profile |
| Mullvad /reviews/mullvad | Needs dated checkProvider pricing page A pricing URL is recorded, but the profile has no dated check yet. | Source linkedMullvad Security Audits Assured AB independent audits. Scope and date still need to be checked on the linked record for each edition. | Jurisdiction: Sweden Network: 700+ servers · 49 countries Devices: 5 devices 3 structured profile fields displayed; field-specific source URLs are still required for an independent evidence record. | Detailed profile |
| NordVPN /reviews/nordvpn | Source checkedProvider pricing page Checked 2026-08-22 Displayed pricing is tied to this provider page and its recorded check date; renewal terms can still change. | Source linkedNordVPN Trust Center Deloitte no-logs (6 times, latest: 2025). Scope and date still need to be checked on the linked record for each edition. | Jurisdiction: Panama Network: 6,400+ servers · 110+ countries Devices: 10 devices 3 structured profile fields displayed; field-specific source URLs are still required for an independent evidence record. | Detailed profile |
| Norton VPN /reviews/norton-vpn | Needs dated checkProvider pricing page A pricing URL is recorded, but the profile has no dated check yet. | Provider-reported Antivirus brand trust; limited VPN-specific audits. A dedicated, field-specific source link is not attached yet. | Jurisdiction: United States Network: 2,000+ servers · 30+ countries (official figure) Devices: 1 device (single plan) 3 structured profile fields displayed; field-specific source URLs are still required for an independent evidence record. | Detailed profile |
| PrivadoVPN /reviews/privado-vpn | Needs dated checkProvider pricing page A pricing URL is recorded, but the profile has no dated check yet. | Provider-reported Limited independent audit information. A dedicated, field-specific source link is not attached yet. | Jurisdiction: Switzerland Network: 300+ servers · 45+ countries Devices: Unlimited (Premium) 3 structured profile fields displayed; field-specific source URLs are still required for an independent evidence record. | Detailed profile |
| Private Internet Access /reviews/pia | Source checkedProvider pricing page Checked 2026-08-22 Displayed pricing is tied to this provider page and its recorded check date; renewal terms can still change. | Provider-reported No-logs enforcement reported in federal cases. A dedicated, field-specific source link is not attached yet. | Jurisdiction: United States Network: 35,000+ servers · 91 countries Devices: Unlimited 3 structured profile fields displayed; field-specific source URLs are still required for an independent evidence record. | Detailed profile |
| Proton VPN /reviews/proton-vpn | Needs dated checkProvider pricing page A pricing URL is recorded, but the profile has no dated check yet. | Source linkedProton VPN Transparency Report Annual Securitum no-logs audit. Scope and date still need to be checked on the linked record for each edition. | Jurisdiction: Switzerland Network: 5,400+ servers · 110+ countries Devices: 10 devices 3 structured profile fields displayed; field-specific source URLs are still required for an independent evidence record. | Detailed profile |
| PureVPN /reviews/purevpn | Needs dated checkProvider pricing page A pricing URL is recorded, but the profile has no dated check yet. | Provider-reported Altius IT audits (per provider). A dedicated, field-specific source link is not attached yet. | Jurisdiction: British Virgin Islands Network: 6,500+ servers · 70+ countries Devices: 10 devices 3 structured profile fields displayed; field-specific source URLs are still required for an independent evidence record. | Detailed profile |
| StrongVPN /reviews/strongvpn | Needs dated checkProvider pricing page A pricing URL is recorded, but the profile has no dated check yet. | Provider-reported Limited independent audit information. A dedicated, field-specific source link is not attached yet. | Jurisdiction: United States Network: 950+ servers · 30+ countries Devices: 12 devices 3 structured profile fields displayed; field-specific source URLs are still required for an independent evidence record. | Detailed profile |
| Surfshark /reviews/surfshark | Source checkedProvider pricing page Checked 2026-08-22 Displayed pricing is tied to this provider page and its recorded check date; renewal terms can still change. | Source linkedSurfshark Trust Center Cure53 + Deloitte audits. Scope and date still need to be checked on the linked record for each edition. | Jurisdiction: Netherlands Network: 3,200+ servers · 100+ countries Devices: Unlimited 3 structured profile fields displayed; field-specific source URLs are still required for an independent evidence record. | Detailed profile |
| TunnelBear /reviews/tunnelbear | Source checkedProvider pricing page Checked 2026-08-22 Displayed pricing is tied to this provider page and its recorded check date; renewal terms can still change. | Provider-reported Annual Cure53 audit (since 2017). A dedicated, field-specific source link is not attached yet. | Jurisdiction: Canada (McAfee, US-affiliated) Network: 5,000+ servers · 50+ countries (official figure) Devices: Unlimited 3 structured profile fields displayed; field-specific source URLs are still required for an independent evidence record. | Detailed profile |
| VyprVPN /reviews/vyprvpn | Needs dated checkProvider pricing page A pricing URL is recorded, but the profile has no dated check yet. | Provider-reported Provider no-logs claim; limited third-party audits. A dedicated, field-specific source link is not attached yet. | Jurisdiction: Switzerland Network: 700+ servers · 70+ countries Devices: 5 devices 3 structured profile fields displayed; field-specific source URLs are still required for an independent evidence record. | Detailed profile |
| Windscribe /reviews/windscribe | Source checkedProvider pricing page Checked 2026-08-22 Displayed pricing is tied to this provider page and its recorded check date; renewal terms can still change. | Needs source No audit record is currently stated in this profile. | Jurisdiction: Canada Network: 480+ servers · 69 countries Devices: Unlimited 3 structured profile fields displayed; field-specific source URLs are still required for an independent evidence record. | Detailed profile |
| ZoogVPN /reviews/zoogvpn | Needs dated checkProvider pricing page A pricing URL is recorded, but the profile has no dated check yet. | Provider-reported No independent audits (per provider). A dedicated, field-specific source link is not attached yet. | Jurisdiction: Greece Network: 70+ servers · 20+ countries Devices: 10 devices 3 structured profile fields displayed; field-specific source URLs are still required for an independent evidence record. | Detailed profile |
| Mozilla VPN /reviews/mozilla-vpn | Needs dated checkProvider pricing page A pricing URL is recorded, but the profile has no dated check yet. | Needs source No audit record is currently stated in this profile. | Jurisdiction: Not recorded Network: 30+ ülke Devices: 5 cihaz 2 structured profile fields displayed; field-specific source URLs are still required for an independent evidence record. | Market reference |
| AdGuard VPN /reviews/adguard-vpn | Needs dated checkProvider pricing page A pricing URL is recorded, but the profile has no dated check yet. | Needs source No audit record is currently stated in this profile. | Jurisdiction: Not recorded Network: Not recorded Devices: Not recorded No structured jurisdiction, network or device field is recorded. | Market reference |
| TorGuard /reviews/torguard | Needs dated checkProvider pricing page A pricing URL is recorded, but the profile has no dated check yet. | Needs source No audit record is currently stated in this profile. | Jurisdiction: Not recorded Network: 3.000+ sunucu · 50+ ülke Devices: 8+ bağlantı 2 structured profile fields displayed; field-specific source URLs are still required for an independent evidence record. | Market reference |
| AirVPN /reviews/airvpn | Needs dated checkProvider pricing page A pricing URL is recorded, but the profile has no dated check yet. | Needs source No audit record is currently stated in this profile. | Jurisdiction: Not recorded Network: Not recorded Devices: Not recorded No structured jurisdiction, network or device field is recorded. | Market reference |
| PrivateVPN /reviews/privatevpn | Needs dated checkProvider pricing page A pricing URL is recorded, but the profile has no dated check yet. | Needs source No audit record is currently stated in this profile. | Jurisdiction: Not recorded Network: Not recorded Devices: Not recorded No structured jurisdiction, network or device field is recorded. | Market reference |
| Astrill VPN /reviews/astrill-vpn | Needs dated checkProvider pricing page A pricing URL is recorded, but the profile has no dated check yet. | Needs source No audit record is currently stated in this profile. | Jurisdiction: Not recorded Network: 56 ülke · 142 şehir Devices: 5 eşzamanlı bağlantı 2 structured profile fields displayed; field-specific source URLs are still required for an independent evidence record. | Market reference |
| HMA VPN /reviews/hma-vpn | Needs dated checkProvider pricing page A pricing URL is recorded, but the profile has no dated check yet. | Needs source No audit record is currently stated in this profile. | Jurisdiction: Not recorded Network: Not recorded Devices: Not recorded No structured jurisdiction, network or device field is recorded. | Market reference |
| Turbo VPN /reviews/turbo-vpn | Needs dated checkProvider pricing page A pricing URL is recorded, but the profile has no dated check yet. | Needs source No audit record is currently stated in this profile. | Jurisdiction: Not recorded Network: Not recorded Devices: Not recorded No structured jurisdiction, network or device field is recorded. | Market reference |
| Bitdefender Premium VPN /reviews/bitdefender-vpn | Needs dated checkProvider pricing page A pricing URL is recorded, but the profile has no dated check yet. | Needs source No audit record is currently stated in this profile. | Jurisdiction: Not recorded Network: Not recorded Devices: Not recorded No structured jurisdiction, network or device field is recorded. | Market reference |
| Avast SecureLine VPN /reviews/avast-secureline | Needs dated checkProvider pricing page A pricing URL is recorded, but the profile has no dated check yet. | Needs source No audit record is currently stated in this profile. | Jurisdiction: Not recorded Network: Not recorded Devices: Not recorded No structured jurisdiction, network or device field is recorded. | Market reference |
| AVG Secure VPN /reviews/avg-secure-vpn | Needs dated checkProvider pricing page A pricing URL is recorded, but the profile has no dated check yet. | Needs source No audit record is currently stated in this profile. | Jurisdiction: Not recorded Network: Not recorded Devices: Not recorded No structured jurisdiction, network or device field is recorded. | Market reference |
25 audit entries still require a dedicated source or a clearer scope record. That gap is deliberately counted here so the research program can improve it edition by edition.
Next evidence pass
What gets improved next
Audit scope
Record the auditor, publication date, tested systems, exclusions and whether the provider or auditor published the report.
Corrections
Keep the ledger versioned and let readers submit a source-backed correction through the contact page.
Read the source-based methodology for the hierarchy of evidence and the limits of provider profiles. Pricing and features can change; verify the official source before purchase.